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␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTThe␈α
idea␈α
of␈α
a␈αstored␈α
program␈α
computer␈α
leads␈αimmediately␈α
to␈α
studying␈α
mental␈α
processes␈αas
␈↓ α∧␈↓abstract␈α∀computer␈α∀programs.␈α∀ Artificial␈α∀intelligence␈α∀treats␈α∀problem␈α∀solving␈α∀mechanisms␈α∪non-
␈↓ α∧␈↓biologically,␈α
and␈αmodern␈α
cognitive␈αpsychology␈α
makes␈α
information-processing␈αmodels␈α
of␈αthe␈α
human
␈↓ α∧␈↓mind.␈α
 Alan␈α
Turing␈αand␈α
John␈α
von␈α
Neumann␈αthought␈α
of␈α
this␈α
even␈αbefore␈α
the␈α
first␈αcomputers␈α
were
␈↓ α∧␈↓working.␈α∀ Both␈α∀studies␈α∀proved␈α∀fruitful␈α∀though␈α∀difficult␈α∀and␈α∀have␈α∀been␈α∀pursued␈α∀with␈α∀ever
␈↓ α∧␈↓increasing vigor.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTProgress␈α∞in␈α∞either␈α∞study,␈α∞like␈α∞Darwinism␈α∞and␈α∞like␈α∞most␈α∞progress␈α∞in␈α∞medicine␈α∞and␈α∞biology,
␈↓ α∧␈↓moves␈α⊃the␈α⊃scientific␈α⊂picture␈α⊃of␈α⊃man's␈α⊂nature␈α⊃directly␈α⊃away␈α⊂from␈α⊃the␈α⊃subjectivity␈α⊃preferred␈α⊂by
␈↓ α∧␈↓modern␈α
literary␈α
culture.␈α
 Full␈α
success,␈α∞like␈α
successful␈α
genetic␈α
engineering,␈α
will␈α∞present␈α
individuals
␈↓ α∧␈↓and␈αsociety␈α
with␈αa␈α
bewildering␈αcollection␈α
of␈αoptions.␈α Weizenbaum␈α
fears␈αboth␈α
the␈αoptions␈α
he␈αcan
␈↓ α∧␈↓imagine and the rationalist world-view that computer-modeling is reinforces.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTHe␈α~regards␈α~all␈α≠present␈α~work␈α~in␈α~artificial␈α≠intelligence,␈α~information-processing-based
␈↓ α∧␈↓psychology␈α∪and␈α∪computer␈α∪linguistics␈α∪as␈α∪unsuccessful.␈α∪ In␈α∪particular␈α∪he␈α∪regards␈α∪the␈α∩computer
␈↓ α∧␈↓linguists␈α
as␈α
hackers␈α
whose␈αwork␈α
there␈α
is␈α
no␈αpoint␈α
in␈α
studying,␈α
but␈αhe␈α
explicitly␈α
puts␈α
no␈α
limit␈αon
␈↓ α∧␈↓the␈α∩potential␈α∩problem-solving␈α⊃capability␈α∩of␈α∩computers␈α⊃except␈α∩when␈α∩understanding␈α∩humans␈α⊃is
␈↓ α∧␈↓required.  His point is moral, and his arguments use the 1960s technology of moralistic invective.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTHe␈αfinds␈αit␈αimmoral␈αfor␈αa␈αscientist␈αto␈αadopt␈αcertain␈αhypotheses␈αeven␈αtentatively,␈α
to␈αperform
␈↓ α∧␈↓certain␈α∂experiments␈α∂or␈α∂propose␈α∂certain␈α∂applications␈α∂-␈α∂not␈α∂because␈α∂they␈α∂are␈α∂dangerous␈α⊂or␈α∂won't
␈↓ α∧␈↓work,␈α⊃but␈α⊃because␈α⊃they␈α⊃are␈α⊃"obscene".␈α⊃ He␈α⊂distinguishes␈α⊃between␈α⊃not␈α⊃closing␈α⊃one's␈α⊃mind␈α⊃to␈α⊂a
␈↓ α∧␈↓hypothesis␈α∩(OK)␈α⊃and␈α∩tentatively␈α∩adopting␈α⊃it␈α∩(possibly␈α⊃immoral).␈α∩ Also␈α∩information␈α⊃processing
␈↓ α∧␈↓models␈α∃of␈α⊗man␈α∃are␈α⊗OK␈α∃in␈α⊗principle␈α∃provided␈α∃one␈α⊗recognizes␈α∃that␈α⊗they␈α∃can't␈α⊗model␈α∃any
␈↓ α∧␈↓"authentically human concern", but no work meeting his criteria is mentioned.

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTThe␈αobjectionable␈αhypotheses,␈αexperiments␈αand␈αapplications␈αinclude␈αthe␈αtheory␈αthat␈αman␈αis
␈↓ α∧␈↓a␈αsimple␈αorganism␈αin␈αa␈αcomplex␈αenvironment,␈αthe␈αidea␈αthat␈αall␈αreality␈αcan␈αbe␈αformalized,␈αthe␈αidea
␈↓ α∧␈↓that␈α
what␈α
a␈α∞judge␈α
knows␈α
can␈α
be␈α∞told␈α
to␈α
a␈α
computer,␈α∞some␈α
experiments␈α
with␈α∞recombinant␈α
DNA,
␈↓ α∧␈↓connecting␈α
animal␈α
brains␈α
to␈α
computers,␈α
psychological␈α
testing,␈α
and␈α
using␈α
a␈α
computer␈α∞program␈α
for
␈↓ α∧␈↓psychiatry.  Here are some of the arguments:

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTOn␈α
psychiatry␈α-␈α
␈↓↓"What␈α
can␈αthe␈α
psychiatrist's␈αimage␈α
of␈α
his␈αpatient␈α
be␈α
when␈αhe␈α
sees␈αhimself,␈α
as
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓a␈α∞therapist,␈α∂not␈α∞as␈α∞an␈α∂engaged␈α∞human␈α∂being␈α∞acting␈α∞as␈α∂a␈α∞healer,␈α∞but␈α∂as␈α∞an␈α∂information␈α∞processor
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓following rules, etc.?"␈↓

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTOn␈α∞connecting␈α
computers␈α∞to␈α∞animal␈α
brains␈α∞-␈α∞␈↓↓"The␈α
first␈α∞kind␈↓␈α∞[of␈α
application]␈↓↓␈α∞I␈α∞would␈α
call
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓simply␈αobscene.␈α These␈αare␈αones␈αwhose␈αvery␈αcontemplation␈αought␈αto␈αgive␈αrise␈αto␈αfeelings␈αof␈αdisgust␈αin
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓every civilized person."␈↓

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTOn␈αa␈αproposed␈αmoratorium␈α
on␈αsome␈αDNA␈αexperiments␈α
-␈α␈↓↓"why␈αdo␈αthey␈α
feel␈αthey␈αhave␈αto␈α
give
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓a␈αreason␈αfor␈αwhat␈αthey␈αrecommend␈αat␈αall?␈α Is␈αnot␈αthe␈αoverriding␈αobligation␈αon␈αmen,␈αincluding␈αmen␈αof
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓science,␈α
to␈α
exempt␈α
life␈α
itself␈αfrom␈α
the␈α
madness␈α
of␈α
treating␈αeverything␈α
as␈α
an␈α
object,␈α
a␈αsufficient␈α
reason,
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓and one that does not even have to be spoken?"␈↓

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTOn␈αscience␈αin␈αgeneral␈αand␈αpure␈αscience␈αin␈αparticular␈α-␈α␈↓↓"Not␈αonly␈αhas␈αour␈αunbounded␈α
feeding
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓on␈α∞science␈α∞caused␈α∞us␈α∞to␈α
become␈α∞dependent␈α∞on␈α∞it,␈α∞but,␈α∞as␈α
happens␈α∞with␈α∞many␈α∞other␈α∞drugs␈α∞taken␈α
in


␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ ε|1␈↓ ∧



␈↓ α∧␈↓↓increasing␈α∞doses,␈α∞science␈α∞has␈α∞been␈α∞gradually␈α∞converted␈α∞into␈α∞a␈α∞slow␈α∞acting␈α∞poison."␈↓␈α∂and,␈α∞␈↓↓"Scientists
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓who␈α
continue␈α
to␈αprattle␈α
on␈α
about␈α
'knowledge␈αfor␈α
its␈α
own␈αsake'␈α
in␈α
order␈α
to␈αexploit␈α
that␈α
slogan␈αfor␈α
their
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓self-serving ends have detached science and knowledge from any contact with the real world".␈↓

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTA␈α
moral␈α
principle␈α-␈α
␈↓↓"Those␈α
who␈αknow␈α
who␈α
and␈αwhat␈α
they␈α
are␈αdo␈α
not␈α
need␈αto␈α
ask␈α
what␈αthey
␈↓ α∧␈↓↓should do."␈↓

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTSuccess␈α
in␈α
modeling␈α
the␈α
mind␈α
will␈α
raise␈α
policy␈α
issues␈α
with␈α
both␈α
moral␈α
and␈α∞factual␈α
aspects.
␈↓ α∧␈↓However,␈α∂the␈α∂public␈α∂entitled␈α∂to␈α∂decide␈α∞them␈α∂has␈α∂more␈α∂immediate␈α∂concerns;␈α∂imagine␈α∂asking␈α∞the
␈↓ α∧␈↓1976␈α∂presidential␈α∂candidates␈α∂to␈α∂debate␈α∂whether␈α∂computer␈α∂programs␈α∂should␈α∂do␈α∂psychiatry␈α∂while
␈↓ α∧␈↓there␈α
are␈α
none␈αthat␈α
can.␈α
 When␈αthey␈α
become␈α
concrete,␈α
they␈αmust␈α
be␈α
discussed␈αin␈α
terms␈α
of␈αcosts␈α
and
␈↓ α∧␈↓benefits and not in terms of "obscenity".

␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ αTAs␈αin␈αDarwin's␈αtime,␈αscience␈α-␈αespecially␈αgenetics,␈αpsychology,␈αsociology␈αand␈α(now)␈αcomputer
␈↓ α∧␈↓science␈α
-␈α
is␈α
being␈α
morally␈α∞pressed␈α
to␈α
fit␈α
its␈α
theories␈α
to␈α∞"religion".␈α
 Many␈α
have␈α
given␈α
in;␈α∞few␈α
will
␈↓ α∧␈↓defend␈α∃studying␈α∃the␈α∃genetics␈α∃of␈α∃human␈α∀behavior␈α∃except␈α∃in␈α∃private,␈α∃computer␈α∃scientists␈α∀in
␈↓ α∧␈↓unrelated␈α
fields␈α
claimed␈α
to␈α
have␈α
proved␈α
that␈α
the␈α
ABM␈α
couldn't␈α
work,␈α
and␈α
physicists␈α
claim␈α
to␈α
show
␈↓ α∧␈↓that␈α∂nuclear␈α∂explosions␈α∞can␈α∂have␈α∂no␈α∂peaceful␈α∞use.␈α∂ When␈α∂scientists␈α∞forget␈α∂their␈α∂duty␈α∂to␈α∞pursue
␈↓ α∧␈↓truth␈αwherever␈αthe␈αsearch␈αleads,␈αwhen␈αthey␈αstart␈αselecting␈αfacts␈αto␈αsupport␈αcomforting␈α
world-views
␈↓ α∧␈↓or the policies of the good guys, they destroy their usefulness to society.





























␈↓ α∧␈↓␈↓ ε|2␈↓ ∧